Sunday, 10 May 2026

Exercise (6.3).18

Let $r$ be a primitive root of an odd prime $p$. Prove that

$$ \text{ind}_r (p-1) = \frac{p-1}{2} $$


Since $r$ is a primitive root of $p$, and noting that $\phi(p)=p-1$, we have by definition

$$ \begin{align} r^{p-1} & \equiv 1 \pmod p \\ \\  (r^{\frac{p-1}{2}} )^2 & \equiv 1 \pmod p \end{align} $$

Lemma (4.3) tells us

$$ r^{\frac{p-1}{2}} \equiv \pm 1 \pmod p $$

However $r^{\frac{p-1}{2}} \equiv  1 \pmod p$ does not hold because $\phi(p)=p-1$ is the smallest index $k$ such that $r^k \equiv 1 \pmod p$, and $\frac{p-1}{2}$ is smaler thabn $p-1$. 

This leaves $ r^{\frac{p-1}{2}} \equiv  -1 \equiv p-1 \pmod p $ as the only possibility, and is equivalent to

$$ \text{ind}_r (p-1) = \frac{p-1}{2} $$